The writing life leads to a lot of strange interests. You write a book about a medieval weaver and have to learn everything about natural dyes and various forms of cloth, and so you carry around that knowledge ready to answer trivia at any second. (Who knows what “woad” is?* Ten points. Even better, who knows the dyestuff that makes a gorgeous magenta?** Our authors are probably not allowed to answer these questions.)
ANYWAY….. My head is stuffed with all kinds of knowledge like that, from sourdough to gillyflowers to how to make perfume. Nearly all of it comes from research, but I do have a hobby all my own that’s giving my mother the absolute creeps.
Worms. Rather, vermiculture, which is using red wiggler rooms in a compost heap to turn waste into soil. I find this absolutely astonishingly amazing. My mother shudders every time I bring it up.
I actually had to order the worms in the mail. First, I had to buy a second composter, because the first one was a barrel type. You throw in all the potato peelings and shredded egg cartons and left over peas and then let it all brew (which sounds better to me than rot) for awhile, and voila! Compost.
Unfortunately, if you put worms in a barrel type, they get squished when you rotate it. So I bought a second composter and started adding things to…er…break down. When there was a nice cushion, I ordered the worms in the mail and they came in big heavy packages that I opened and poured into the bin.
I fretted and fretted all summer. Were they getting the right food? Were they still alive, even? Every so often, I’d have to go rake through the compost (gently) to see if I turned up any worms. There were always a lot of them, and I’d be relieved, happily feed them some more sand and rotten bananas, and a week or two later, I’d start worrying if they were alive or if they liked what I’d given them, so I’d have to rake through the compost again. They don’t want to get too hot.
Nor can they get too cold. I live in Colorado. It definitely gets below 30 degrees here, but everything I read said that they’d probably be all right. But once, I tried to help a turtle overwinter in a box of sand and he was dead when spring came, so I worried. I gave them water. I gave them food. I tried not to open the bin very much, and only once raked through it, turning up two cold-looking worms. I left them alone.
But today…today I opened the bin and the worms are not only alive, they’re multiplying! They have big sturdy wormy bodies and they’ve
turned all that garbage into a thick, black compost that will make my garden explode into bloom and vegetable. I used some of it today, as a matter of fact, to nourish the peach tree that seems to have survived some weird attack last fall.
I guess I’ll stop there and not tell you all about my friend the alpaca farmer who brought me compost of another sort. Wait until you see my garden next year!
Do you have any weird hobbies? Or do something that freaks your mother out? Anybody else have worms?
* Woad is indigo
** Cochineal makes magenta. It is made of little silver bugs, which is just the most amazing thing ever.
I have worms – in my compost. They just turned up. The compost is great for my potted plants too.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 3:31 am.
Compost is great for all plants, definitely.
I’m hoping that all my efforts will intrigue more worms to move in. I bought earth worms last year from the garden shop.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:18 am.
Weird hobbies? No, I am weird enough all by myself. I do have hobbies but they are fairly mainstream. I collect dragons and now gargoyles, nothing weird there. I love bags; suitcases, briefcases,shopping bags.Everyone does that, right? Gadgets; watches,cellphones that do stuff,laptops, tools, flashlights, and multi-function knives.Photography isn’t weird so it doesn’t count. Neither does sewing, unless you factor in the 7’2′ man you make pirate and medieval clothes for. Hey someone has to do it! Nope, no weird hobbies, now I’m sad.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 3:38 am.
A 7’2 man to sew for! That’s intriguing if not weird.
One of my sons collects watches. He has dozens.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:19 am.
I am 5’2″ so when I tried on the coat for giggles it hit me at my ankles.Because most patterns for larger sizes do not take tall and big into the equation I had to learn how to make alterations to them before I could make the clothes. I actually enjoy the process of figuring out how to make them larger and still fit properly.
My dh had a huge collection of Casio watches because they did stuff; like held phone numbers, calculated for you, and changed your channel. When Sony first came out with the 2″ TV that cost as much as a 21″ TV he had to have it.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 1:09 pm.
Sci Fi Guy thinks that my love of horror movies is weird. I mean, what is wrong with a good old fashioned slaughter? I also can talk for a Very Long Time about cats and various cat breeds, certain books and other things that catch my interest.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 4:02 am.
Eek! Horror movies! One of my best and oldest friends loves them, but I admit I am super wimp. My grandmother let me watch the Haunting of Hill House (old version) when I was a kid, and it ruined me for life.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:21 am.
That’s okay about being gentle, Sci Fi Guy watched The Rite without complaining but whinged during Devil and Saw. New Guy seemed to enjoy Priest and The Rite but I have to see how he will go with some of my less tame horror movies.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 9:02 am.
Kelly, my youngest son would LOVE you! He would get up in the middle of the night to watch The Omen when he was four. He has a huge library of horror books & movies. His mother however does not do “blankie” movies, not now not ever.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 1:52 pm.
I am a bit weird and have a phobia of worms. Just your normal average garden worm. It sounds ridiculous but I am petrified of them! (Barbara, I’m so glad you didn’t put any big picture of worms in the post!)
I’m not sure I have any weird hobbies though. Well, they’re not weird to me anyway!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 4:39 am.
That’s my mom, too. She just shudders over the most ordinary of worms. She also hates snakes.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:22 am.
I don’t think I have any weird hobby right now. Does being a little bit addicted to Farmville count???
But when I was a little kid, I helped my grandfather extinguish rats, mice, etc. I helped to set the traps, and when some rodent caught in it, I collected them by the tail. Sometimes I came down the attic with a whole bunch of mice and then showed them proudly to my mother, who promptly fainted.
And my baby sister took great delight in maiming my dolls. First she went to the eyes (two little fingers right into them) and then she broke off arms and legs. She also trodded on the hands of our baby cousin William…
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:56 am.
Haha..if FarmVille counted, half of the world would be weird.
Your sister could have starred in a horror movie! LOL
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:23 am.
I do not have any weird hobbies. At least I don’t think so! Your story cracked me up. I love how you fret over worms. I think it’s great that you are into composting. You, and your garden, will be rewarded for your efforts. I think we need to see before and after pics next. I do things that crack my mother up, but not freak her out. Have a great weekend.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:57 am.
Ah, you might want to be wary of asking me to post pics of the garden, though it will be showing up here this summer, no doubt. Love that ouncrackmyour mother up.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:24 am.
Hahaha, thats an interesting word! You’re crackin me up too!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 1:09 pm.
See what happens with all this new-fangled technology?
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:12 pm.
No weird hobbies here either unless you want to count the fact that I collect dragons, gargoyles and fairies weird but I don’t. I can understand the obsession with the garden though because my Mom is the same way about hers. She likes to grow a little bit of this and that so just about everyday she’s running inside with a handful of something.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 6:01 am.
You and evlqn need to get together!
That’s exactly what I do: a little of this, a little of that. Peas and lettuce right now,malso the chives are in full bloom. So pretty!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:26 am.
I agree, Aida and I could compare our favorites.
Yesterday I was checking our planting beds because some of last seasons plants are coming back on their own and I noticed a vine type plant with leaves the size of salad plates, I asked my sister about it and she said it was the giant strawberries she had planted last spring. We are supposed to get tennis ball sized strawberries, I hope they come in alright.The tomatoes are coming up on their own also. Jury is still out on the pumpkins. Six artichoke plants!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 2:40 pm.
HA!
NOTHING would freak my mother out, she was a registered nurse trained in the 40′s, who liked to assist autopsies for the experience. She also had a RCMP dad who had a couple of prisoner cells in their basement growing up in rural New Brunswick in the 30′s. Used as a sort of drunk tank, it was one of her chores to give them sandwiches and coffee.
Nothing fazed her. not my brother’s fascination with blowing up his model cars, my other brother’s penchant for jumping off the garage roof into the pool, my forays into pink, orange and purple hair as a 20 something.
Sorry , I’m missing my mom today.
As for wierd interests: I love bats, especially fruit bats. I think their cute. snakes used to freak me out, but had a boyfriend who wanted seom as pets, and i learned to like them. especially the freak out factor of having ours slither its way around my necklaces or peek out from a shirt pocket . scare your friends!lol
We even had an iguana who’s favourite thing was to sit on my neck and shoulder under a curtain of my hair, holding it’s nose against my pulse point there. for hrs. I have an old video somewhere of it, I must photo capture one of these days!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 6:18 am.
Wow, your mom sounds like quite a woman!
Um…bats are kind of weird, but I admit I like them,too. Their wings and cute faces.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:29 am.
I’m impressed that you are a worm afficianado. I will now come to you with all my worm queries.
I was gyp by my university. My medieval history degree clearly spent too much tiime on animal husbandry and not enough on textiles.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 7:16 am.
You have a medieval history degree! I am so impressed.
I am no expert on worms, I will happily share whatever I know.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:22 am.
LOL…you have worm pets!
I make teeny tiny weapons of mini mass destruction. Tiny popsicle stick trebouchets, pencil and rubber band catapults, siege machines…
I got into this when I was looking for projects for the kids to do at our local re-enactment group.
It’s kinda zen…
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 7:24 am.
that sounds really cool, Pesky!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 10:40 am.
I love it that you have tiny weapons of mass destruction. I laughed so hard, that Christopher Robin had to know what I was laughing at.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:24 am.
Why am I not surprised that you have mini weapons of mass destruction?
That’s awesome.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 2:52 pm.
My grandma collected plates–the decorative ones. I was given a few when she passed. I inherited my other grandma’s corner cupboard a few years ago, and bro & SIL packed up the contents and loaded them in the truck for me, too. There were a few decorative plates that came with it. I picked up a couple of plates at a second-hand store that I thought were cool. A few months ago, I saw a plate arrangement that I loved in a decorative magazine. So, I made DH get out the hammer and nails, and we started arranging. Last week, I found the coolest plate hangers at Hobby Lobby. Now, I need more plates! So, I guess I collect plates now.
Do any of you gardeners know what to do when a house plant gets sunburned? I moved it out on the deck, then forgot to bring it in and well, it is looking a little droopy.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 7:56 am.
Well, if uyou have plate hangers you definitely need plates to put on them.
as for the sunburned plant,I would put it in a cool place and give it some water and let it recover.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:29 am.
I love the fact you worried about your worms! What a nurturing soul you have.
I have normal hobbies like gathering too much fabric for quilting (you never know when the quilting fever might strike) or saving bits of reed and things for basketmaking. Having a TBR pile that topples over frequently might not be normal anywhere but here…
My DH is a beekeeper though. We currently have two hives in the front yard and one in the back. The rest are sprinkled around the local area. He has had an abnormally busy spring going on swarm calls. Do you need a beehive in your garden? I know just the beekeeper to call. I also enjoy digging in the ground so you would have double the help!
Enjoy the peace and joy that comes from creating a lovely garden.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:00 am.
Jez, I would love to have bees.. Is it hard? Christopher Robin worries about the kittens getting stung, but I think they would be fine. I would also like to have chickens, but I think that they might draw foxes. I hear chickens in people’s backyards all the time now. It must be more common.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:34 am.
Sorry. Kez. Autocorrect strikes again. I’m also trying to use the. Dictate function on the iPad because my arms are full of baby today,
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:35 am.
Honeybees aren’t hard work but they do require you to be comfortable around flying/stinging insects. You learn to watch the weather more closely. They get cranky on rainy days and are pretty gentle when it is warm(but then who isn’t!)
Our Aussie got stung on the nose once. She bounced back pretty quickly then knew to stay away from the big white box! Chickens… are another can of worms – ha! ha!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 1:43 pm.
Ewww, but your hobby makes perfect sense. And now you’ve made me wonder if my neighbors down the street have worms in their composter :p My Mom thought exercise is weird and that’s what I do. My new obsession (for 4 seasons now) is triathlon and I’m sure if she were alive she’d think I was REALLY nuts as she just thought I was kinda nuts when I just ran
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:01 am.
Triathlons are a great hobby!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:36 am.
I definitely collect weird hobbies. I know way too much about 19th century blacksmithing, and have my own coal forge at home. I dye and spin wool, and far too many other antiquated hobbies.
Compost is great for gardens. We put it on ours too.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:25 am.
Having your own forge is pretty awesome. I can’t even imagine what that would be like. Good for you!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:37 am.
The only slightly weird hobby I have is the collection of the Freaky Barbies. (Morticia, Lily Munster etc) This doesn’t freak my mother out but she doesn’t seem to get it. She gets me normal Barbies–like Lucy and Ethel–not Freaky. Those are not allowed in the collection area.
I do have worms, but not like you. There are plastic containers of fishing worms in my refrigerator. Luckily we bought a garage refrigerator for sodas etc and they are now kept there. But they used to be in the butter compartment. NOT with the butter.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:29 am.
Freaky Barbies hey, nice, those sound pretty neat.
Good thing the worms were not with the butter, dirt tasting butter would be awful. I can see where it would be much nicer to keep ‘em in the garage, and that way they’re probably closer to the fishing equipment anyway.
By the way, Zombie Island is awesome! Thanks so much!
I got it a few days ago now, and finished it that day. Couldn’t put it down.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 9:03 am.
Oh wow, thanks! So glad you liked it.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 9:48 am.
Lori, I would love to see your Barbies sometime. I have quite a few Barbies myself, and I use them once as a plot point in a book. (a piece of heaven)
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:39 am.
God bless her, my mother would probably freak out about a LOT of things that are going on in the world right now if she were alive. Everything is so ‘in your face’ on television anymore, and she was raised during a time where there was much more respect and decorum…she was born in 1924. I don’t really think there is anything that I do that would freak her out, but just the general population right now would probably have her in constant freak out mode.
The only hobbies I have at the moment are reading and playing with my little granddaughter. She is almost 9 months old, and she is crawling all over the place, pulling up on things, RUNNING in her walker, and she has learned to shake her head ‘no’ so that is REALLY funny when her mom wants her to eat or take medicine. It was stressful when it was my child, but now that it isn’t MY child, I have to say I find it incredibly amusing. LOL A very relaxing end to busy days at work.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:31 am.
As far as the worms go, I don’t have any unless we are sittin on the bank fishin for catfish.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 10:19 am.
My red wigglers are supposed to be great bait. But I don’t think that won’t happen anytime soon.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:45 am.
I’m there with you, with my 3 month old today grandaughter. Having a blast with her.
And I love saying, okay, I’ve had enough. Take her home.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:43 am.
I dunno about weird hobbies… I like to make chain mail jewelry, read (I currently need a few more bookshelves and some bookends to hold my sci-fi and romance library 5 sets of shelves isn’t quite enough), tat lace, play in the dirt (I can’t wait ’til we finally get our own place rather than rent so I can do a proper garden and maybe get some worm pets of my own
), bake goodies, think up new dinner recipes (or try spiffy ones I find), spend too much time online, and play with whatever other new thing seems fascinating at the time. Learning to do something new is often the most fun so I’ve tried quite a few things.
As for doing stuff that freaks my mom out, she grew up with 5 brothers. It would be kind of hard to find something she hasn’t dealt with before. I guess if I put myself in danger she’d freak, but then… so would I. There are critters etc. she’s not fond of, but they’d have to surprise her or be crawling up her leg or something to freak her out.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 8:55 am.
Making chain mail jewelry may not be weird, it isn’t exactly common.
And I agree with you, learning new things is the most fun of all.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:47 am.
Love the worms. We don’t have to buy any since they exist in abundance here, but I’ve had a love affair going on with worms since I planted my first flowering shrub.
I don’t have a single weird hobby. On the other hand, would I know if it was weird?
Probably not.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 9:19 am.
Claudia, I think this neighborhood was built on sand. I have never seen a neighborhood with so few worms. But you do need them to have a great garden and flowering shrubs.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:48 am.
As if some author friends knew those words, LOL. I knew someone else who ordered worms, Barbara. It’s been a couple of years ago, but I had the same reaction to that as I do to your post…never ever ever ever! But I am glad someone out there is doing it. Just as long as it’s not me.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 9:36 am.
THAT’S AWESOME!!! This is my first Summer at my house, so I’m still tentatively navigating the whole gardening/pots process. I played with power tools last weekend and made a couple of raised beds–now we’ll see how long I can keep everything alive!
Weird habits? Nah, I’m pretty pedestrian. I think my only “habit” that drives my mom bonkers is my inability to have alone time. The rest of my family have an introverted side where they need some time by themselves to decompress. I was that chatterbox kid that followed her EVERYWHERE and asked a million questions (which still hasn’t changed)….she just doesn’t get it–says I have “herd disease”
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 9:57 am.
Have fun, Haley! A fresh new start. Impressed you could use the power tools. I have to hire ppl for that stuff.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:15 pm.
I’m pretty normal… well… by most standards…
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 10:06 am.
No strange habits. I like to collect figurines.
I get to go for a drive today. One of our semi tow truck drivers did not leave the driveline with the truck at the dealership 120 miles from here. He got distracted when the mechanic mentioned a problem with the wrecker tire. One of our customers that we thought made the trip daily does not go there anymore so they can’t do us the favor of delivering the driveline. So I get to go because the driveline is too long to fit into the trunk of a car, but it should fit into the back of my Explorer with the back seat down. While I’m down there, I’ll look for Barnes & Noble. It will be the first time I’ve been to a book store since Borders closed.
Have a good day everyone.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 10:15 am.
Hope you find lots of books!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:16 pm.
nothing to weird here either, but i collect amy brown fairies, even though i only have about 5 or 6 cant really afford them right now.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 10:46 am.
Fairies are popular here.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:16 pm.
I don’t have any weird hobbies.. but I have a lot of normal ones. I DO have lots of fairly useless knowledge about various foods (though this is getting a bit rusty since I am no longer in food photography that much)
I have done interesting things, but none I would consider weird.
And I am ok with that. Or my perspective is skewed and what I consider mundane others might look at as weird.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:10 am.
Barbara, does the compost heap generate a lot of heat as it’s fermenting? Or whatever it is that they do?
The closest we’ve come to worms in this family lately is the ringworm the GD picked up from some inexplicable source, probably at preschool. And, boy, was it hard to get rid of. I’ll take earthworms any day over that, especially for fishing.
I don’t have any weird hobbies, only obsessions: baseball, football, music and reading.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 11:26 am.
I’m with your mom on this one. Worms gross me out, and I don’t enjoy getting dirt under my fingernails. I’m an inside girl. I don’t have any weird hobbies, but mom never really understood my love of spas.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 12:17 pm.
OOOOO…..spas……….. *sigh* I’m right there with you on that one, Susan!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 1:24 pm.
I first read spas as peas and I was wondering why a mother would not like peas. Now that I think about it, I’m wondering why la mother doesn’t like spas.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:17 pm.
I’m a librarian (retired now). My head is full useless tivia and a lot of odd “did you know”s. I do love to know a little, about a lot, and find it fascinating while looking for information.
I catch myself longing to hand bind books, and make hand made paper, shearing sheep, looming yarn, growing a garden, and canning, raising chickens. Then I shake myself hard and get back to reality.
I do live in a very old Victorian house, have it furnished to period(as much as possible),c1895. I love to seek out and restore period furnishings to add to my hoard.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 12:37 pm.
I am sympathetic to having chickens. I love the idea, but I bet the reality would be much more difficult.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:18 pm.
LOL, Barbara! I love your worms. Two years ago, my mom asked for worm castings for Mother’s Day. She’s a die-hard gardener.
I, too, am packed full of odd, mostly useless factoids, which makes me pretty good at Jeopardy, but not much else. *g*
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 12:44 pm.
Love your mom.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:18 pm.
I just set up a worm composter a few months ago and have been able to start using my castings as I plant my garden. I’m loving it. But here’s the part that’ll give a lot of folks the creeps: my worms are inside the house!
In talking to other gardeners with red wigglers, it’s too hot and dry here in the summer and too cold and dry in the winter. It wreaks havoc on the worms, so I found an out-of-the-way corner to set them up in air-conditioned luxury and they’re fat and happy. A bit small to easily use for bait though, so my husband wants me to start an outdoor earthworm bed so he never has to worry about bait again. I’m still pondering that proposition.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 12:55 pm.
We used to find earthworms down by the lake under rotting leaves – on our stone landing… Hey at least he’s not wanting you to raise crickets…
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 3:52 pm.
Good for you! I read about other people who had worms inside the house as well and I think it’s perfectly legitimate idea if they’re out-of-the-way.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:19 pm.
Exactly why I don’t touch soil – I hate worms. I have no problem with others composting, gardening… but I don’t want to see or touch worms.
I do dead-head and water the plants but that’s it. I instead make “helpful suggestions” to my DH about what he should do to the garden.
My mom loved gardening!! None of her kids got that!
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 1:09 pm.
Christopher Robin’s mother is also a major gardener. I am pretty sure he is allergic to gardening.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:21 pm.
I think it is so cool that you are composting and worm farming, so to speak!
I don’t have too many weird hobbies. I did, however, keep reptiles for over 20 years when I was younger. I had everything from a Russian tortoise to a monkey-tailed skink, to a five foot monitor lizard to a 13 foot python and a six foot iguana. When my python passed away after almost 25 years with me I didn’t acquire any more reptiles. They are fascinating creatures but extremely high maintenance if you feed, house, vet and care for them correctly. As a result I know far too much about reptiles and amphibians.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 2:06 pm.
Now I’m fascinated by something called a monkey tailed skink. I am going to go look it up.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:22 pm.
They’re actually very cute with this beatific sort of smile on their faces and their tails are incredibly strong. Mine was named Solomon and he would cross a room at lightning speed for watermelon.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 6:48 pm.
Isn’t Star Bucks giving up their cochineal?
No strange hobbies, but I’m a fount of trivia. I hear it or read it – and it sticks with me. It’s that near photographic mind. My friends don’t play any kind of trivia games with me.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 2:58 pm.
Starbucks probably has a lot of vegans and vegetarians. They probably do not want to offend them with those bugs.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:24 pm.
I keep thinking I’m going to compost, but I just don’t know. It sounds like a lot of work. Is it?
Grandma used to compost–she’d go out the back door and toss her organic garbage out by the fence. She had really great blackberries growing there. *G*
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 4:20 pm.
It’s really really easy, Sabrina. Just like your grandma. The only thing you do not want to put in the pile is fat or proteins that will rot.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 5:25 pm.
Barnes & Noble’s selection sucks. I have just as many romance books as they have. We just have different authors.
Posted on May 18, 2012 at 7:50 pm.